The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Video super-resolution is one of the most popular tasks on mobile devices, being widely used for an automatic improvement of low-bitrate and low-resolution video streams. While numerous solutions have been proposed for this problem, they are usually quite computationally demanding, demonstrating low FPS rates and power efficiency on mobile devices. In this Mobile AI challenge, we address this problem and propose the participants to design an end-to-end real-time video super-resolution solution for mobile NPUs optimized for low energy consumption. The participants were provided with the REDS training dataset containing video sequences for a 4X video upscaling task. The runtime and power efficiency of all models was evaluated on the powerful MediaTek Dimensity 9000 platform with a dedicated AI processing unit capable of accelerating floating-point and quantized neural networks. All proposed solutions are fully compatible with the above NPU, demonstrating an up to 500 FPS rate and 0.2 [Watt / 30 FPS] power consumption. A detailed description of all models developed in the challenge is provided in this paper.

在现实世界中，尽管对该领域的兴趣激增，但在稀疏回报协同环境下进行的加强学习仍然具有挑战性。先前的尝试表明，内在的奖励可以减轻稀疏引起的问题。在本文中，我们提出了一种新颖的固有奖励，该奖励受人类学习的启发，因为人类通过将当前的观察结果与历史知识进行比较来评估好奇心。具体而言，我们训练一个自我监督的预测模型，并保存一组模型参数的快照，而不会产生加法培训成本。然后，我们采用核规范来评估不同快照的预测之间的时间不一致，这可以进一步部署为内在的奖励。此外，提出了一种变异的加权机制，以自适应方式将权重分配给不同的快照。我们证明了所提出的方法在各种基准环境中的功效。结果表明，与其他基于奖励的方法相比，我们的方法可以提供压倒性的最先进性能，而不会产生额外的培训成本并保持更高的噪声耐受性。我们的代码将公开发布以提高可重复性。

外部奖励的稀疏性对加强学习（RL）构成了严重的挑战。当前，对好奇心已经做出了许多努力，这些努力可以为有效探索提供代表性的内在奖励。但是，挑战尚未得到解决。在本文中，我们提出了一种名为Dymecu的RL的好奇心，它代表了基于动态记忆的好奇心。受到人类好奇心和信息理论的启发，Dymecu由动态记忆和双重在线学习者组成。好奇心引起的话，如果记忆的信息无法处理当前状态，并且双重学习者之间的信息差距可以作为对代理的内在奖励进行表述，然后可以将这些状态信息巩固到动态内存中。与以前的好奇方法相比，dymecu可以更好地模仿人类的好奇心与动态记忆，并且可以根据双重学习者的引导范式动态地生长内存模块。在包括DeepMind Control Suite和Atari Suite在内的多个基准测试中，进行了大规模的经验实验，结果表明，Dymecu在有或没有外部奖励的情况下优于基于好奇心的方法。我们将发布代码以增强可重复性。

伤口图像分割是伤口临床诊断和时间治疗的关键成分。最近，深度学习已成为伤口图像分割的主流方法。但是，在训练阶段之前，需要进行伤口图像的预处理，例如照明校正，因为可以大大提高性能。校正程序和深层模型的训练是彼此独立的，这导致了次优的分割性能，因为固定的照明校正可能不适合所有图像。为了解决上述问题，本文提出了一种端到端的双视分段方法，通过将可学习的照明校正模块纳入深度细分模型中。可以在训练阶段自动学习和更新模块的参数，而双视融合可以完全利用RAW图像和增强图像的功能。为了证明拟议框架的有效性和鲁棒性，在基准数据集上进行了广泛的实验。令人鼓舞的结果表明，与最先进的方法相比，我们的框架可以显着改善细分性能。

尽管做出了巨大的努力，但GigapixelS的分类全扫描图像（WSI）被严重限制在整个幻灯片的约束计算资源中，或者使用不同尺度的知识利用有限。此外，以前的大多数尝试都缺乏不确定性估计的能力。通常，病理学家经常共同分析不同的宏伟速度的WSI。如果通过使用单个放大倍率来不确定病理学家，那么他们将反复更改放大倍率以发现组织的各种特征。受病理学家的诊断过程的激励，在本文中，我们为WSI提出了一个可信赖的多尺度分类框架。我们的框架利用视觉变压器作为多部门的骨干，可以共同分类建模，估计显微镜的每种放大倍率的不确定性，并整合了来自不同放大倍率的证据。此外，为了利用WSIS的歧视性补丁并减少对计算资源的需求，我们建议使用注意力推广和非最大抑制作用提出一种新颖的补丁选择模式。为了从经验研究我们的方法的有效性，使用两个基准数据库对我们的WSI分类任务进行了经验实验。获得的结果表明，与最先进的方法相比，可信赖的框架可以显着改善WSI分类性能。

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤，每年负责超过50万人死亡。因此，早期和准确的诊断至关重要。人类专业知识是诊断和正确分类乳腺癌并定义适当的治疗，这取决于评价不同生物标志物如跨膜蛋白受体HER2的表达。该评估需要几个步骤，包括免疫组织化学或原位杂交等特殊技术，以评估HER2状态。通过降低诊断中的步骤和人类偏差的次数的目标，赫洛挑战是组织的，作为第16届欧洲数字病理大会的并行事件，旨在自动化仅基于苏木精和曙红染色的HER2地位的评估侵袭性乳腺癌的组织样本。评估HER2状态的方法是在全球21个团队中提出的，并通过一些提议的方法实现了潜在的观点，以推进最先进的。

作为在线广告和标记的关键组成部分，点击率（CTR）预测引起了行业和学术界领域的许多关注。最近，深度学习已成为CTR的主流方法论。尽管做出了可持续的努力，但现有的方法仍然构成了一些挑战。一方面，功能之间的高阶相互作用尚未探索。另一方面，高阶相互作用可能会忽略低阶字段的语义信息。在本文中，我们提出了一种名为Fint的新型预测方法，该方法采用了现场感知的交互层，该层捕获了高阶功能交互，同时保留了低阶现场信息。为了凭经验研究金融的有效性和鲁棒性，我们对三个现实数据库进行了广泛的实验：KDD2012，Criteo和Avazu。获得的结果表明，与现有方法相比，该五颗粒可以显着提高性能，而无需增加所需的计算量。此外，提出的方法通过A/B测试使大型在线视频应用程序的广告收入增加了约2.72 \％。为了更好地促进CTR领域的研究，我们发布了我们的代码以及参考实施，网址为：https：//github.com/zhishan01/fint。

Few Shot Instance Segmentation (FSIS) requires models to detect and segment novel classes with limited several support examples. In this work, we explore a simple yet unified solution for FSIS as well as its incremental variants, and introduce a new framework named Reference Twice (RefT) to fully explore the relationship between support/query features based on a Transformer-like framework. Our key insights are two folds: Firstly, with the aid of support masks, we can generate dynamic class centers more appropriately to re-weight query features. Secondly, we find that support object queries have already encoded key factors after base training. In this way, the query features can be enhanced twice from two aspects, i.e., feature-level and instance-level. In particular, we firstly design a mask-based dynamic weighting module to enhance support features and then propose to link object queries for better calibration via cross-attention. After the above steps, the novel classes can be improved significantly over our strong baseline. Additionally, our new framework can be easily extended to incremental FSIS with minor modification. When benchmarking results on the COCO dataset for FSIS, gFSIS, and iFSIS settings, our method achieves a competitive performance compared to existing approaches across different shots, e.g., we boost nAP by noticeable +8.2/+9.4 over the current state-of-the-art FSIS method for 10/30-shot. We further demonstrate the superiority of our approach on Few Shot Object Detection. Code and model will be available.

In this chapter, we review and discuss the transformation of AI technology in HCI/UX work and assess how AI technology will change how we do the work. We first discuss how AI can be used to enhance the result of user research and design evaluation. We then discuss how AI technology can be used to enhance HCI/UX design. Finally, we discuss how AI-enabled capabilities can improve UX when users interact with computing systems, applications, and services.